CADFamily.com

5/30/2011

Keyboard in PROE

1.Launch PRO-E

2.Click icon, select part and input name “keyboard”.

3.select the reference in the figure of slide-upper ,then do the boundary of the figure ,this process as shown in figure 1 and figure 2 and figure 3.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

4.click the icon ,this icon can combine the two geometry ,this process as shown in figure 4 and figure 5 and figure 6.

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

5.Click the icon to merge the quilt f5 and f7 ,this process as shown in figure 7 and figure 8

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Moldflow-Making Accurate Plastic Parts

INJECTION MOLDING AND SHRINKAGE

In this section the relationship between processing and shrinkage is considered. In particular, the effect of holding pressure on shrinkage is described.

1.1 What is Shrinkage and Warpage?

Part shrinkage may be thought of as a geometric reduction in the size of the part. If the shrinkage is uniform, the part does not deform and change its shape, it simply becomes smaller.

Warpage results when shrinkage is not uniform. If regions of the part shrink unequally, stresses are created within the part which, depending on part stiffness, may cause the part to deform or even crack in the long term.

1.2 Shrinkage and Machine Settings

All molders know that shrinkage and consequently warpage is affected by processing conditions. Figure 1–1 shows some of the classic relationships between machine settings and shrinkage – also shown is the effect of wall thickness. These curves apply only to a particular mold and material combination.

Figure 1–1: Effect of Machine Settings on Shrinkage

It is clear from Figure 1 – 1 that final shrinkage of a component is a complex function of machine settings. Nevertheless, a major factor is the pressure and time history of the material as it fills, packs and cools in the mold.

1.3 Mold Filling and Packing

Plastic melts are very compressible at the pressures used in injection molding. As the ram moves forward, the material in the barrel is compressed so that the flow rate in the cavity is less than indication by the ram movement. As the ram slows down, the plastic expands under pressure.

Melt compressibility causes a smooth transition from mold filling to packing.

The molding process is frequently divided into two phases. Commonly injection molders will talk about the filling and holding stages because this corresponds to machine settings.

Experiments on an instrumented mold show this concept is far from the truth. Figure 1–2 illustrates a simple mold with pressure transducers PT1, PT2, PT3 positioned as shown. The lines labelled PT1, PT2 and PT3 show the pressures recorded by these transducers during filling of the mold.

Figure 1–2: Pressure Traces for Simple Molding

Because of the compressibility of plastic there is a time delay between ram displacement and plastic movement. This actual switch from filling to holding on the machine usually occurs before the cavity is filled (see Figure 1–2) and the final stages of filling occur by expansion of the pressurised material.

1.4 How Pressure and Time Affect Shrinkage

The magnitude of pressure and the time for which pressure is applied greatly affect the shrinkage of material in the cavity. The actual pressure to which the material is subjected is determined not only by machine settings, but also by the viscosity of the material and the geometry of the cavity. Although a complicated matter, it is possible to restrict attention to two important regions: close to the gate and at the end of flow.

1.4.1 Shrinkage Near the Gate

Areas near the gate are easier to pressurize (and depressurize) than areas at the end of flow and generally the relationship between pressure, time and shrinkage is simple.

High holding pressure gives lower shrinkages as long as the pressure is held on until the gate has frozen. In this case the shrinkage around the gate will generally be lower than that at the end of flow.

If the holding pressure is not held on until the gate or runner system has frozen, then the pressure in the cavity will cause plastic to reverse flow back into the runner system. This will result in a higher shrinkage around the gate area than in the rest of the cavity.

1.4.2 Shrinkage at the End of Flow

Pressure has to be transmitted through the plastic to reach the extremities of the cavity. Cavity geometry, viscosity and the time the melt channel in both the feed system and cavity remain open, determine how well pressure is transmitted.

A high holding pressure results in a high initial flow as the pressure is quickly distributed throughout the cavity. Once the cavity is pressurized, the flow into the cavity will result from the contraction of the material and may be very slow in comparison with the initial flow. In other words there will be a high initial flow followed by a very slow flow.

A low holding pressure may give the opposite effect. Initially the flow rate will be much smaller than with the high pressure so the frozen layer will grow quickly. However as the material cools the volumetric change (from high to low temperature) is much greater at low pressures so the flow rate due to compensation will be greater than for the higher pressure.

High holding pressures do not automatically mean that there will be less shrinkage at the end of flow. This is because the plastic will freeze off in the upstream section earlier in the cycle, thus preventing the pressure packing out the area at the end of flow.

1.5 Thermally Unstable Flow

Plastic flow is self reinforcing, that is, flow will carry heat into an area thereby maintaining flow.

This was illustrated in the Moldflow Design Principles book using an actual molding. A disc with a thick outer rim was packed out giving a high compensating flow to the thick outer rim. The plastic does not flow as a thin disc but forms a series of flow channels which are self reinforcing, maintaining plastic temperature and heating the mold, while other areas with low flows freeze off early in the holding phase.

The flow channels will be filled with highly orientated material which cools off at a later time than the remainder of the part. They act as tension members which will cause warping.

Two important applications of this effect occur opposite the sprue and at corners. Plastics are not simply viscous materials but have certain mechanical strength. As the plastic melt changes direction at the sprue, some force is required to physically deform the material as the direction of flow changes. This force comes from the face opposite the sprue and results in a highly asymmetric flow pattern.

A similar effect occurs at corners where a slight temperature difference or elastic effects will initiate asymmetric flow.

Very small mold temperature variations which have virtually no effect in the filling stage will have a major effect in the holding stage. The position of cooling lines can dramatically affect holding stage flow.

Once established, these flow patterns will not just be maintained but will continue to self reinforce in the later stages of packing.

CHAPTER 2 BASIC CAUSES OF SHRINKAGE AND WARPAGE

This section describes the main causes of shrinkage and warpage. Instead of relating shrinkage to processing parameters, we consider some fundamental factors that affect shrinkage. These factors are volumetric, shrinkage, crystalline content, stress relaxation and orientation.

Describing shrinkage and warpage in terms of these variables is preferable to using machine parameters, as the relationships of the latter to shrinkage are too complex to be used as design criteria.

2.1 Cause of Shrinkage

Shrinkage of plastic components is driven by the volumetric change of the material as it cools from the melt state to sold. Despite the apparent simplicity of this statement it is important to note that the relationship between volumetric shrinkage and the linear shrinkage of the component is affected by mold restraint, crystallinity and orientation.

Warpage is caused by variations in shrinkage.

2.1.1 Volumetric shrinkage

To understand shrinkage it is first necessary to appreciate just how large the volumetric shrinkage of plastics is.

All plastic materials have high volumetric shrinkages as they cool from the melt to the solid. Without pressure, this is typically about 25%. Plastics parts cannot be made without, in some way, offsetting this large volumetric shrinkage. In injection molding, the application of high pressure can reduce this volumetric shrinkage, but by no means eliminate it.

2.1.1.1 Pressure

This relationship between pressure, volume and temperature for a plastic material can be conveniently represented with a PVT diagram. Such a diagram relates specific volume (the inverse of density) to temperature and pressure.

Figure 2–1 is an example of a PVT diagram. The specific volume is given by the surface over the plane defined by the pressure and temperature axes.

Figure 2–1: PVT Diagram

Figure 2–2: PVT Diagrams for Polymers

PVT data for polymers is usually displayed as a projection onto the plane formed by the specific volume and temperature axes. Figure 2–2 shows this type of display for an amorphous and crystalline material.

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Project Management with SAP R3-Part A

1 Introduction

This script serves as a basis for the workshop "Project Management with SAP R/3". This workshop is part of a series of SAP-related workshops which are held by the Department of Production Management of the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration, headed by Prof. Dr. Alfred Taudes. The workshop was developed by Andreas Mild.

The goal of this Project Management Workshop is that, after having attended it, each student should be familiar with the theoretical backgrounds and be able to plan and control a project. The project manager has the task of ensuring that the project is executed efficiently, on time, and within the budget - which he/she achieves by making certain that the required resources and funds are available when needed. Every student should then be able to put his/her SAP knowledge into action.

To make the continuous improvement of this script possible, please report mistakes found or ideas for further development to andreas.mild@wu-wien.ac.at.

2 Basics & Keywords

SAP R/3 is an integrated and industry-independent standard software which covers, integrates and connects all functional areas in a business. SAP AG defines integration as "defined communication".[1] Although R/3 is designed for complete integration, it can also be used for a couple of business areas.[2]

SAP is the abbreviation for “Systeme, Anwendungen, Produkte”, the German words for “Systems, Applications, Products”.[3]

Information about the company can be found at: http://www.sap.com.

Projects are tasks with special characteristics. Attributes of a project are the following issues:

· complexity, non-repetitivity, high risk

· detailed goals to be achieved

· time restrictions

· high cost and capital expenditure

· quality requirements

· often strategic significance

To be able to plan, monitor, control, and carry out a project as a whole, the project goals must be precisely described and the activities to be performed have to be structured.

A project can be described as follows:

· according to how it is organized, i.e. by explaining the project structure,

· according to the processes involved.

A project starts out as a statement of work which is either a written description of the objectives to be achieved and the desired rough schedule like start and end dates. In the description one could include also performance metrics and budget constraints.

A project is further subdivided into meaningful pieces, referred to as tasks. Tasks take usually less than a few months. The task can be further subdivided into subtasks.

A work package can be defined as “a group of activities combined to be assignable to a single organizational unit.” [4]

The project tasks, subtasks, and work packages are brought into a hierarchy by defining a work breakdown structure.

The individual elements represent activities within the work breakdown structure and are called work breakdown structure elements (WBS elements).

WBS elements can be:

· tasks

· partial tasks which are subdivided further

· work packages

WBS can be structured according to

· object

· function

· phase

Which kind of structuring is used depends on the focus of the project. Objects orientation is often used, if the main part of the project is a physical object like a power plant. Functional organisation is preferred, if many different parts of an organisation or many organisations are involved.

In practice, all three kinds of structuring are used within one WBS.

“Project Management can be defined as planning, directing, and controlling resources (people, equipment, material) to meet the technical, cost and time constraints of the project.”[5] The primary reason why projects fail is insufficient effort in the planning phase.[6] Project Management thus is considered as very important.

The SAP Project System enables close and constant monitoring of all aspects of a project by having constant access to data in all the departments involved.

Project management can be subdivided into project planning, i.e. the task which will be undertaken before the project starts, and project controlling during the implementation of the project.Planning must include:

· organization – service

· process – dates

· costs

· capacity

There are many possible project goals such as, for example, to realize a positive net present value, to achieve a high imputed interest, to minimize costs, to cover costs, to maximize gross profit, or simply to finish as early as possible. However, it is important, that goals are defined operationally, thait is when it is possible to measure to which extent the goal has been achieved.

The project manager breaks the project down into a set of activities. Then he also defines the relationships among these activities. The outcome is a guideline regarding the activities that can be performed in parallel and those that have to be done in a sequential order. This task is done via planning by network.

Now, there are activities that require capacities and resources like personnel and material. Such resources are limited and these requirements have to be considered in order to be able to develop a feasible, sound plan. Information from other modules as e.g. the material planning module is required.

The system calculates the material requirements for each step of the project and organizes that materials are bought in time to avoid delays. When purchasing material, the system takes into account order sizes, inventory policies as well as other information.

To prepare the financial statements, the value of work in progress (including project work) has to be calculated. This also requires interaction of some R/3 modules.

Thus, the system needs information from all business areas simultaneously. And this is exactly what integration does.

The project module is part of the integrated concept of SAP R/3 providing interfaces to other modules like Accounting, Distribution, Material Management and Production Planning and Control. Each area within the organization has its own structure and its own view of the project, but data has to be entered only once.

3 Getting ready for the workshop

This chapter provides information on the first use of the system.

Logging on R/3

Logging off

SAP R/3 is a client/server application. Therefore, you have to cancel the connection with the server by telling it that you want to log off.

Create Session

Often it is useful to open more screens. You can do this by creating a new session, like a new document in a word processor.

SAP Help

If you want to get some basic information about a specific field, focus this field with your mouse and press <F1>.The dialog box indicates what the field is for. Sometimes even dependencies are explained.

Match codes

Match codes are useful for finding data, because it is difficult to know/remember the identification number of a line position such as a material.

Example:

You want to edit the material master of a material. You don’t know the number, but you know that the material description starts with something like “PM_”

If you press F4 you get a search-mask where you are able to search with wildcards

After having pressed Enter you get a list with the search results.

Then you can select one material, you can sort or cancel.

Transaction Codes

The following screen will be often used during the workshop. Thus, we can use Transaction Codes for faster access.

Then select Structure planning – Change Project.

Now, we want to “bookmark” this screen.

So, we look up the transaction code.

The status dialog box opens:

Here we see a lot of information concerning important relevant technical details.

Wherever you find yourself in the system, you can get to this screen by entering CJ20 in the Transaction screen.

Let us refine this a little bit. If you have several transaction codes, you may get confused. Key in the appropriate transaction code and the comment edit project structure.

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5/29/2011

Design Cellphone Panel with ProE Part-C

64. Select the sketch as shown in figure 140 then click icon and select extrude as solid then enter a depth of the extrude.the extrude1 as shown in Figure 141 and figure 142.

Figure 141

Figure 142

65. Clickicon, select the sketch plane dtm8 this process as shown in figure 143 then select OK to create a sketch as shown in Figure 144 ,then click the .

Figure 143

Figure 144

66. Select the sketch as shown in figure 144 then click icon and select extrude as solid then enter a depth of the extrude.the extrude1 as shown in Figure 145 and figure 146.

Figure 145

Figure 146

67. click the icon in the main window ,this icon can do the draft of the plane ,this process as shown in figure 147 and figure 148

Figure 147

Figure 148

68. Click the icon ,then select the plane to create a new dtm .this process as shown in figure 149 and figure 150

Figure 149

Figure 150

69. Clickicon, select the sketch plane dtm8 this process as shown in figure 151 then select OK to create a sketch as shown in Figure 152 ,then click the .

Figure 151

Figure 152

70. Select the sketch as shown in figure 152 then click icon and select extrude as solid then enter a depth of the extrude.the extrude1 as shown in Figure 152 and figure 153.