Pattern matching is arguably one of the most important image analysis tools and is very often the first step in a Machine Vision application. In general, pattern matching provides you with information about the position and the number of instances of a previously defined template (pattern).
Introduction
We can try a first pattern matching example in IMAQ Vision Builder. The procedure is similar to the previous shape matching example, with the main difference that the image has to be a gray-scaled one:
1. Define a template (ROI or file).
2. Search for instances of the template (see also Figure 5.54).
Figure 5.54. Pattern Matching with IMAQ Vision Builder
Figure 5.54 also shows the parameters of the pattern matching process:
· the maximum number of instances that can be found;
· the minimum matching score (see also the shape matching example);
· the selection between shift invariant and rotation invariant mode:
· Shift invariant mode does not allow rotation of potential matches in relation to the template; this means that only matches with the same orientation as the template are found.
· Rotation invariant allows matches in any direction; this mode is significantly slower than the shift invariant mode.
Figure 5.55 shows the result with the same image if the minimum matching score is decreased to 600; now the partly hidden 10 and the first two digits of the 100 note are found, although the 100 is a different color.
Figure 5.55. Pattern Matching: Decreasing Matching Score
Pattern Matching Techniques
The mathematical basis of pattern matching is the cross correlation function. The correlation C(i,j) is defined as
where w (x,y) is a subimage (template) of the size k x l; f (x,y) is the original image of the size m x n (where k 
m and l n); i = 0, 1, ... m-1, j = 0, 1, ... n-1 [4].
Figure 5.56 shows the front panel of a LabVIEW VI provided on the attached CD-ROM. The program is similar to the IMAQ Vision Builder functionality and allows definition of a template and the matching process itself. Moreover, the orientation of the (first) match is displayed with a gauge control. See also Figure 5.57 for the diagram, showing the main loop of the pattern matching process.
Figure 5.56. Pattern Matching: Single Match
Figure 5.57. Part of the Pattern Matching Diagram
The same application finding multiple instances of the template can be seen in Figure 5.58. The Number (#) of Matches control has to be increased to the desired maximum number of instances. Note that the matches found in this example as well as in the Vision Builder are not scale invariant, which means that all instances have to be the same size as the template.
Figure 5.58. Pattern Matching: Multiple Match
Another problem with Eq. (5.26) is its high sensitivity to amplitude changes of the template as well as of the image, which has to be searched for matches. Amplitude changes are caused by different lighting conditions of new images or by brightness changes of the original image.
A normalized correlation coefficient R(i,j), as in
solves this problem: 
is the average intensity value of the pixels in the template w, and 
is the average intensity value of the coincident image area f, which leads to a range for the value of R from –1 to 1. R is therefore independent of intensity changes of f and w [4].
The result of the function IMAQ Match Pattern is a data set for all matches found in the original image. In particular, the center coordinates and the rotation angle (in the case of rotation invariant matching) can be used for further image analysis, for example, for the definition of a new coordinate system.
IMAQ Vision also contains functions for color pattern matching, for example, IMAQ Color Match Pattern. These functions combine the gray-level pattern matching functions with the matching of color information. The results of both algorithms are used to calculate the total matching score. You can try these functions, using IMAQ Vision Builder.
Reading Instrument Displays
A nice set of examples, prepared by National Instruments and almost ready for use, is the instrument-reading functions of IMAQ Vision. Two groups, the reading of an analog needle instrument and the reading of an LCD (liquid crystal display) meter, are provided.
These examples are really self-explaining, so we need not build our own exercises. However, I added some small modifications; you can add your own images to these example programs. If you look at the block diagrams, you will find out that adding images is not difficult.
Analog Instrument Displays
Reading analog needle instruments is an interesting and challenging task. Unlike modern digital instruments, these devices do not have a microcontroller and an interface to a PC, so it is usually impossible to export their measurement data. The IMAQ Vision functions IMAQ Get Meter and IMAQ Read Meter make it possible to convert the image of an analog instrument, using the information of the needle position, into a measurement value that can be further processed by a PC.
Figure 5.59 shows the (slightly modified) meter VI, which is part of the IMAQ Vision examples.
Figure 5.59. Reading an Analog Needle Instrument
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