DEFORM Grain Modeling

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The intent of the lab is to demonstrate how to use DEFORM-2D Grain Model for
simulating the grain microstructure evolution during forming and heat-treating processes.

Four evolution mechanisms are considered: static recrystallization, meta-dynamic
recrystallization, dynamic recrystallization, and grain growth. Among these four
mechanisms, dynamic recrystallization occurs during deformation, while the rest
mechanisms occur during non-deforming periods. For each time step, based on current time, local temperature, strain, strain rate, and evolution history, the evolution mechanism is determined and the state variables are updated. Sixteen grain-related state variables are stored in the database, a detailed explanation of which is available in the User's Manual.
Recrystallization fraction and average grain sizes are usually of the most interest to users.
(Note: DEFORM grain model does not compute dynamic recrystallization
simultaneously. Instead, the dynamic recrystallization that would have occurred during deformation is actually computed at the step immediately after the deformation. This means the users will not see any results unless the deformation simulation is followed by a non-deformation simulation, such as heat-treatment process.In addition, to simulate a complete microstructure evolution, the workpiece should be sufficiently cooled at the end of simulation.)

In this lab, a simple upsetting process is modeled, followed by air-cooling and water quenching. The problem is axisymmetric and uses SI units. The workpiece material is IN718, and the die material is steel H-13.